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8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Personal Name site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Personal Name, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Personal Name, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
A
personal name is the proper name identifying an individual
person. It is nearly universal for a human
person to have a name; the rare exceptions occur in the cases of mentally disturbed parents, or
feral children growing up in isolation. A
personal name is usually given at
Childbirth or at a young age. The Convention on the Rights of the Child endorses personal names as a human right. Text of the Convention on the Rights of the Child The details of naming are strongly governed by culture; some are more flexible about naming than others, but for all cultures where historical records are available, the de facto rules are known to change over time.
Structure
Common components of true names given at birth include:
- Given name: Universal. In most of Western culture, the given name precedes the family name; some other cultures place it after the family name, or use no family name.
- Patronymic: A family name based on the given name of the father.
- Matronymic (also Matronymic): A family name based on the given name of the mother.
- Family name: A name used by all members of a family. In Europe, after the loss of the Roman system, the common use of family names started quite early in some areas (France in the 13th century, and Germany in the 16th century), but it often did not happen until much later in areas that used a patronymic naming custom, such as the Scandinavian countries, Wales, and some areas of Germany. The compulsory use of surnames varied greatly. France required a priest to write surnames in baptismal records in 1539 (but did not require surnames for Jews, who usually used patronymics, until 1808). On the other hand, compulsory surnames in the Scandinavian countries did not happen until the 20th century (1923 for Norway), and Iceland still does not use surnames for its native inhabitants. Before the use of family names, people were often referred to by a description or nickname, their place of birth or former place of residence, their occupation, or their parent's name. Many modern family names derive from one of these.
- Middle name: Least common. In royal family or aristocracyic families, several middle names honoring ancestors, relatives, or political allies are commonly given. In many families, single middle names are simply alternative names, names honoring an ancestor or relative, or, for married women, occasionally their maiden names. Many Catholic families choose a saint's name as their child's middle name or this can be left until the child's Confirmation (sacrament) when they choose a saint's name for themselves. Cultures that use patronymics or matronymics will often give middle names to distinguish between two similarly named people: e.g. Einar Karl Stefánsson and Einar Guðmundur Stefánsson. This is especially done in Iceland (as shown in example) where people are known and referred to almost exclusively by their given name/s.
Some people (called
anonyms) choose to be
anonymous, that is, to hide their true names, for fear of governmental prosecution or societal ridicule of their works or actions. Another method to disguise one's identity is to employ a
pseudonym.
Occasionally, a person is referred to by a single name. For example,
Teller (magician), of the magician duo Penn and Teller, has no given names. (His parents named him Raymond Joseph Teller but removed the initial names by deed poll.) In official government documents (such as his
driver's license) his given name is listed as
NFN, meaning "no first name".
The Inuit believe that the
souls of the
namesakes are one, so they traditionally refer to the junior namesakes, not just by the names (
atiq), but also by
kinship title, which applies across gender and generation without implications of disrespect or seniority. In Judaism, someone's name is considered intimately connected with his fate, and adding a name (e.g. on the sickbed) may avert a particular danger. Among
Ashkenazi Jews it is also considered bad luck to take the name of a living ancestor, as the
Death (personification)#Death (angels) in religion may mistake the younger person for his namesake (although there is no such custom among Sephardi Jews).Jews may also have a Jewish name for intra-communitary use and use a different name when engaging with the
goyim world.Chinese children are called insulting names to make them appear worthless to evil spirits.They receive a definitive name as they grow up.Chinese emperor and Japanese emperors receive
posthumous names.In some
Polynesian cultures, the name of a deceased chief becomes taboo.If he is named after a common object or concept, a euphemism has to be used for it.
Depending on national convention, additional
given names (and sometimes titles) are considered part of the name.
Feudal names
The
royal family, nobility, and gentry of Europe and Britain traditionally have many names, including phrases for the lands that they own. An example is that of Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch Gilbert du Motier, who is known as the Marquis de Lafayette. Notice that he possessed the lands both of Motier and Lafayette. The French developed the method of putting the term by which the person is referred in
small capital letters. It is this habit which transferred to names of the Far East, as seen below. Another example is Don Quixote de la Mancha, who is never referred to in literature by the disguising phrase used as the title of the musical comedy,
Man of La Mancha.
The bare place name was used formerly to refer to the person who owned it, rather than the land itself (e.g., "What will Gloucester do?" meant the Duke of Gloucester). As a development, the bare name of a ship in the Royal Navy meant its captain (e.g., "Cressy didn't learn from Aboukir") while the name with an article referred to the ship (e.g., "The Cressy is foundering").
Naming convention
In contemporary Western societies (except for
Iceland and Hungary), the most common naming convention is that of a given name, usually indicating the child's sex, followed by the parents' family name. In earlier times, Scandinavian countries followed patronymic naming, with people effectively called "X's son/Y's daughter"; this is now the case only in
Iceland and on the
Faroe Islands.
Different cultures have different conventions for personal names. This is a list of articles about particular cultures' naming conventions.
== Name order ==Since a name is made up of several parts, the order in which those parts are arranged can be significant. The order
family name, given name is commonly known as the
Eastern order but is in fact used in most of the world including Africa and most of Asia, for example in
People's Republic of China,
Japan, Korea,
Malaysian Chinese, Singapore,
Taiwan, and
Vietnam - as well as in one country of
Europe, Hungary. The order
given name, family name is commonly known as the
Western order and is usually used in most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Europe (North and South America and Australia). In these countries, the family name is often used first in lists and catalogues, with the family and given names separated with a
comma (e.g. Smith, John). For example, most Western libraries use this order.
When East Asian names are
transliteration into the Latin alphabet, some prefer to convert them to the Western order at the same time, while others leave them in the Eastern order but write the family name in
capital letters. To avoid confusion, some always write a family name in capital letters, especially when writing for an international audience. This habit has become very common also in the international language
Esperanto. Japanese names of contemporary individuals and Hungarian names are usually "switched" when individuals that have such names are mentioned in media in Western countries; for instance,
Koizumi Jun'ichirō is known as
Junichiro Koizumi in English and Puskás Ferenc is known as
Ferenc Puskás. Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese names and Japanese names of historical figures are usually left in East Asian order; for instance, Máo Zédōng is known as Mao Zedong in English.
Names of Japanese or Chinese sportspeople generally follow the above conventions. For Japanese examples, see Ichiro Suzuki instead of
Suzuki Ichirō, or Hidetoshi Nakata instead of
Nakata Hidetoshi. As for Chinese sportspeople,
Yáo Míng is Yao Ming and
Liú Xiáng is Liu Xiang in the West.
Names of Korean sportspeople may be rendered in East Asian or Western order in Western countries. The convention in this case apparently varies by sport. For example, names of Korean football (soccer)ers and
athletes are usually left in East Asian order (e.g.
Ahn Jung-Hwan,
Hong Myung-Bo, Park Ji-Sung,
Sohn Kee-chung,
Hwang Young-Cho). Baseball players' names are usually changed to Western order; for example Park Chan-Ho is referred to in the West as
Chan-ho Park.
Golfers' names are also typically switched to Western order; the female golfer Pak Se-Ri is known in the West as Se Ri Pak. Confusion can be avoided by noticing that in all the above cases, the words linked by a hyphen are the given name.
Nonhuman personal names
Apart from the Linnaean taxonomy, some humans give individual nonhuman animals and plants names, usually of endearment.
In some cultures, pets or sporting animals are sometimes given names similar to human names. Other cultures, such as the
Han Chinese, give the animals nonhuman names, because it would be seen as offensive and disrespectful to the person of the same name; even cultures that give human names to animals sometimes do so to an ugly animal to insult the bearer of the name.
A study recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences claims that humans are not the only animals that use personal names. Researchers from the University of North Carolina Wilmington studying bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida found that the dolphins had names for each other. CNN article about dolphin names A dolphin chooses its name as an infant. livescience.com
See also
Notes
External links
- The meaning of names Look up the meaning of last names.
- Social Security Administration Most popular baby names in the U.S.
- The meaning of nigerian names
A
personal name is the proper name identifying an individual person. It is nearly universal for a human
person to have a
name; the rare exceptions occur in the cases of mentally disturbed parents, or
feral children growing up in isolation. A
personal name is usually given at Childbirth or at a young age. The Convention on the Rights of the Child endorses personal names as a human right. Text of the Convention on the Rights of the Child The details of naming are strongly governed by
culture; some are more flexible about naming than others, but for all cultures where historical records are available, the de facto rules are known to change over time.
Structure
Common components of true names given at birth include:
- Given name: Universal. In most of Western culture, the given name precedes the family name; some other cultures place it after the family name, or use no family name.
- Patronymic: A family name based on the given name of the father.
- Matronymic (also Matronymic): A family name based on the given name of the mother.
- Family name: A name used by all members of a family. In Europe, after the loss of the Roman system, the common use of family names started quite early in some areas (France in the 13th century, and Germany in the 16th century), but it often did not happen until much later in areas that used a patronymic naming custom, such as the Scandinavian countries, Wales, and some areas of Germany. The compulsory use of surnames varied greatly. France required a priest to write surnames in baptismal records in 1539 (but did not require surnames for Jews, who usually used patronymics, until 1808). On the other hand, compulsory surnames in the Scandinavian countries did not happen until the 20th century (1923 for Norway), and Iceland still does not use surnames for its native inhabitants. Before the use of family names, people were often referred to by a description or nickname, their place of birth or former place of residence, their occupation, or their parent's name. Many modern family names derive from one of these.
- Middle name: Least common. In royal family or aristocracyic families, several middle names honoring ancestors, relatives, or political allies are commonly given. In many families, single middle names are simply alternative names, names honoring an ancestor or relative, or, for married women, occasionally their maiden names. Many Catholic families choose a saint's name as their child's middle name or this can be left until the child's Confirmation (sacrament) when they choose a saint's name for themselves. Cultures that use patronymics or matronymics will often give middle names to distinguish between two similarly named people: e.g. Einar Karl Stefánsson and Einar Guðmundur Stefánsson. This is especially done in Iceland (as shown in example) where people are known and referred to almost exclusively by their given name/s.
Some people (called
anonyms) choose to be anonymous, that is, to hide their true names, for fear of governmental prosecution or societal ridicule of their works or actions. Another method to disguise one's identity is to employ a
pseudonym.
Occasionally, a person is referred to by a single name. For example, Teller (magician), of the magician duo
Penn and Teller, has no given names. (His parents named him Raymond Joseph Teller but removed the initial names by
deed poll.) In official government documents (such as his
driver's license) his given name is listed as
NFN, meaning "no first name".
The Inuit believe that the souls of the
namesakes are one, so they traditionally refer to the junior namesakes, not just by the names (
atiq), but also by
kinship title, which applies across gender and generation without implications of disrespect or seniority. In
Judaism, someone's name is considered intimately connected with his fate, and adding a name (e.g. on the sickbed) may avert a particular danger. Among
Ashkenazi Jews it is also considered bad luck to take the name of a living ancestor, as the
Death (personification)#Death (angels) in religion may mistake the younger person for his namesake (although there is no such custom among
Sephardi Jews).Jews may also have a Jewish name for intra-communitary use and use a different name when engaging with the goyim world.Chinese children are called insulting names to make them appear worthless to evil spirits.They receive a definitive name as they grow up.
Chinese emperor and Japanese emperors receive posthumous names.In some Polynesian cultures, the name of a deceased chief becomes taboo.If he is named after a common object or concept, a euphemism has to be used for it.
Depending on national convention, additional given names (and sometimes
titles) are considered part of the name.
Feudal names
The
royal family,
nobility, and
gentry of Europe and Britain traditionally have many names, including phrases for the lands that they own. An example is that of Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch Gilbert du Motier, who is known as the Marquis de Lafayette. Notice that he possessed the lands both of Motier and Lafayette. The French developed the method of putting the term by which the person is referred in small capital letters. It is this habit which transferred to names of the Far East, as seen below. Another example is Don Quixote de la Mancha, who is never referred to in literature by the disguising phrase used as the title of the
musical comedy, Man of La Mancha.
The bare place name was used formerly to refer to the person who owned it, rather than the land itself (e.g., "What will Gloucester do?" meant the Duke of Gloucester). As a development, the bare name of a ship in the
Royal Navy meant its captain (e.g., "Cressy didn't learn from Aboukir") while the name with an article referred to the ship (e.g., "The Cressy is foundering").
Naming convention
In contemporary Western societies (except for Iceland and
Hungary), the most common naming convention is that of a
given name, usually indicating the child's sex, followed by the parents' family name. In earlier times, Scandinavian countries followed patronymic naming, with people effectively called "X's son/Y's daughter"; this is now the case only in Iceland and on the Faroe Islands.
Different cultures have different conventions for personal names. This is a list of articles about particular cultures' naming conventions.
== Name order ==Since a name is made up of several parts, the order in which those parts are arranged can be significant. The order
family name, given name is commonly known as the
Eastern order but is in fact used in most of the world including Africa and most of Asia, for example in
People's Republic of China, Japan, Korea, Malaysian Chinese,
Singapore, Taiwan, and
Vietnam - as well as in one country of Europe,
Hungary. The order
given name, family name is commonly known as the
Western order and is usually used in most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Europe (North and South America and Australia). In these countries, the family name is often used first in lists and catalogues, with the family and given names separated with a comma (e.g. Smith, John). For example, most Western libraries use this order.
When East Asian names are transliteration into the Latin alphabet, some prefer to convert them to the Western order at the same time, while others leave them in the Eastern order but write the family name in
capital letters. To avoid confusion, some always write a family name in capital letters, especially when writing for an international audience. This habit has become very common also in the international language
Esperanto. Japanese names of contemporary individuals and Hungarian names are usually "switched" when individuals that have such names are mentioned in media in Western countries; for instance,
Koizumi Jun'ichirō is known as Junichiro Koizumi in English and Puskás Ferenc is known as
Ferenc Puskás. Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese names and Japanese names of historical figures are usually left in East Asian order; for instance, Máo Zédōng is known as Mao Zedong in English.
Names of Japanese or Chinese sportspeople generally follow the above conventions. For Japanese examples, see
Ichiro Suzuki instead of
Suzuki Ichirō, or
Hidetoshi Nakata instead of
Nakata Hidetoshi. As for Chinese sportspeople,
Yáo Míng is Yao Ming and
Liú Xiáng is Liu Xiang in the West.
Names of Korean sportspeople may be rendered in East Asian or Western order in Western countries. The convention in this case apparently varies by sport. For example, names of Korean football (soccer)ers and athletes are usually left in East Asian order (e.g.
Ahn Jung-Hwan, Hong Myung-Bo, Park Ji-Sung,
Sohn Kee-chung,
Hwang Young-Cho).
Baseball players' names are usually changed to Western order; for example Park Chan-Ho is referred to in the West as
Chan-ho Park. Golfers' names are also typically switched to Western order; the female golfer Pak Se-Ri is known in the West as
Se Ri Pak. Confusion can be avoided by noticing that in all the above cases, the words linked by a hyphen are the given name.
Nonhuman personal names
Apart from the
Linnaean taxonomy, some humans give individual nonhuman animals and plants names, usually of endearment.
In some cultures,
pets or sporting animals are sometimes given names similar to human names. Other cultures, such as the Han Chinese, give the animals nonhuman names, because it would be seen as offensive and disrespectful to the person of the same name; even cultures that give human names to animals sometimes do so to an ugly animal to insult the bearer of the name.
A study recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences claims that humans are not the only animals that use personal names. Researchers from the University of North Carolina Wilmington studying bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida found that the dolphins had names for each other. CNN article about dolphin names A dolphin chooses its name as an infant. livescience.com
See also
Notes
External links
- The meaning of names Look up the meaning of last names.
- Social Security Administration Most popular baby names in the U.S.
- The meaning of nigerian names
personal names extracted from 3rd Manx Scrap Book
Personal Names. Extract from W.W.Gill A Third Manx Scrapbook — dating from 1928 but not published until much later. 4. Some Characteristic Forenames.
personal names
Personal Names Introduction. The most detailed study was done by W.W.Gill and published in his Third Manx Scrapbook - an extract is given here; the fullest list is that by Kneen.
Personal Names - get your name as a life long email address and ...
name - the life-long email address - create your own custom email ... Enter your first name: Enter your last name
Homepage, Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, University of Oxford
This project is part of Oxford University, under the aegis of the Board of Literae Humaniores. The purpose is to collect and publish with documentation all known ancient Greek ...
Lexicon of Greek Personal Names - Names
Names. This new section of our website aims to provide an introduction to Greek personal names themselves, how they were formed and used, and how we know about ...
Personal name - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A personal name is the proper name identifying an individual person. It is nearly universal for a human person to have a name; the rare exceptions occur in the cases of mentally ...
Celtic Personal Names of Roman Britain (CPNRB)
Paul Russell, Alex Mullen University of Cambridge. This database collects all the personal names from Roman Britain which are thought to contain Celtic elements.
Name A Rose
Name a Rose gift pack is a beautiful gift which is both touching and unique. Inside the gift box is a unique unnamed pack of rose seeds for recipient to nurture and grow. Name A ...
MASTER: Name Authority Resources
Personal and Geographic Names. Primary resource: Library of Congress Name Authority File at DRA . Choose Author search to search for author's name, or Subject search to search for ...
GENUKI: UK and Ireland Topics - Names, Personal
GENUKI - Genealogical research information about Names, Personal in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
